Strategic Analysis of Walmarts Advantages in its Environment

Strategic Analysis of Walmarts Advantages in its Environment Strategic Analysis is to analyse Walmart macro-environmental and micro-environmental. The analysis methods use such as PESTLE Analysis, Porters 5 Forces Analysis, SWOT Analysis and Competitive Advantage to analyse the corporate business environment. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE is the structure to investigate the volatile business environments in which Walmart operates by discovering the forces that effecting the corporate operation. Political and Legislations Environment As Walmart operates in the global scale; the performances of the corporate are influenced by the political and statutory law of the country invested. For instance, the employment statutory laws of a country are to ensure investors provide varieties of jobs to its population at large from flexible, locally based low paid jobs to centrally located high pay jobs (Balchin, 1994). Besides that, the go global strategies has its impacts on the local retails market when a giant company such as Walmart penetrate into the country it causes local retails shutting down due to incompetent to compete in term of its predatory pricing policy (Basker, 2007). The author indictment that Walmart paying low salary to its employees; to protect its competitiveness in its retails market but it leading to high turnover rate of its employees. Economical Environment For the past four years, the world facing global economic crisis which leading to high unemployment, increases of fuel prices, and losing consumer confidence  [1]  . However, the crises assist Walmart to sustain its retail businesses even though the fuel price escalating above US$ 100/barrel because consumers becoming price conscious on seeking products value for money. The strategic uses by Walmart Canada: 1. sharing the truckloads with the suppliers to ensure all fully loaded, 2. switching manual stocking shelves to automatic tilted shelves which will deliver next item to the front, and 3. lowering the lighting and increasing the roof insulation, (The Star, 2008), as to reduce its operating costs. Socio-Cultural Environment As Walmart go globalise, the corporate has to adapt the changes of social and cultural differences because it can easily affect employees morale in workplace and consumer experiences. Based WPP (2008), Americanisation is not easy to establish in foreign countries because of the heterogeneity of perception, language, cultural and needs especially in European, Asia-Pacific and Africa (Sorrell, 2008). Environment and technological Environment Environmental and technological plays a significant part in the Walmart products/services developments because it improves customer satisfaction and perception in their shopping experience and observation. Besides that Walmart is one of the fastest retailer to adopt latest technology in their business operation. For example: radio frequency identification technology (RFIT) which reduces its out-of-stock goods with this technology (Wilbert, 2006) and using thin film solar technology to boost its renewable energy uses which could produce up to 22.5 million kilowatts hours of clean energy annually (Walmart Stores Web Site, 2010). Besides that, Walmart adopt eco-friendly products such recycle bottle, shirt made of transitional cotton and sustainable coffees (Walmart, 2008). Porters 5 Forces Analysis In order for Walmart to find an effective source competitive advantage; the Porters five forces analysis is uses to analyse its market environment to sustain and develop its customer foundation and ensure a profit (Collins, 2010). Threat of substitute goods and services Threat of substitution in supermarket/grocery store is lower on foodstuffs but moderate to high on non-foodstuffs. In food retailing industry the main concern is the convenience store and the greengrocers which easily substituted by the consumers. However, it does not position a direct threat to Walmart because their market size relatively smaller and compare to Walmart they are no match in term of the corporate cost leadership generic strategy and its predatory pricing of everyday low price which make difficult for a small retail chain to compete (Hayden et al., 2002). Nonetheless, Walmart is always looking for economical substitutes on the market and to retain its loyal customers. Threat of entry of new competitors In supermarket/grocery stores threat of entry is minimise as it required a lump sum amount of money to build up brand name and competitiveness. However, the renowned leading food retailers have already secured its brand name globally such as Tesco, Carrefour, Aeon, etc  [2]  . Besides that, in order Walmart to set up a new supermarket it required extensive time and resources before the proposal authorised by the government. In addition, government protectionism  [3]  on local goods, suppliers and retails industry might create unforeseeable threat of entry into new market. Intensity of competitive rivalry Rivalry in supermarket/grocery stores is commonly high due to direct competition against local supermarket, multinational supermarket such as Tesco, Carrefour, Aeon, etc. These retailers will compete against pricing, products, promotions and expansion of its stores occasionally (Duff, 2010). During post global recession 2010, Walmart profit boost 3.6 percent during second quarter from its cost cutting and strong global market growth in China, Brazil and Mexico (DInnocenzio, 2010). In additional, the reason Walmart growth is due its emphasis on foodstuffs which helps the corporate survive during recession period compare to others retailers which more emphasis on non-foodstuffs products suffer loses (Gregory, 2009). Bargaining power of buyers The buyer power is moderately high because goods especially the foodstuff in the retails can be easily substituted with other brand name since the switching cost is relatively lower. Besides that, most customers are price conscious which easily draw away by low prices since price can be easily compared and determined before purchase is done (Gregory, 2009). Bargaining power of suppliers The suppliers power is quite low because suppliers are always concern of losing its contract with giant retailers such as Walmart. Besides that, Walmart easily obtain lowest goods price from the suppliers since Walmart is the leader in retail industry (Chandran, 2003). SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis illustrates Walmart corporate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats Strengths Competent supplier chain management practices. To ensure Walmart products price remain competitive; Walmart carry out few techniques to lower its products costs as shown below. Obtaining goods directly from the producers; to reduce intermediaries costs. Owning private transportation system; to reduce transportation costs. Practicing cross docking technique where goods obtained from producers delivered directly to customers and by this the corporate could reduce the handling, operating and storage costs. Providing the latest IT and communications systems; to ensure effectiveness of tracking sales and stocks besides that it helps the corporate to reduce unproductive stocks. (Chandran, 2003) Predatory Pricing. Walmart goals are to ensure all goods remain lower pricing. According to ICMR (2004) mentioned that Walmart goods is 20 percent lower compared to its competitors. Besides that, the corporate manage to boost its price-conscious customers loyalty based its pricing strategy Weaknesses Unable to adapt to different countries. Walmart penetration into China and Germany is a failure as the corporate incapable to recognise the macro-environmental differences in those countries. Walmart China  [4]   Walmart is facing difficulty in market protectionism and its regionalism governmental across China. Besides that, the government is also eyeing and controlling foreign retailers movement- to ensure Chinese goods are being sold in the market, and cause Walmart unable to monopolise its supply chain and business prospect leading to higher operating costs (Huffman, 2003). Walmart Germany  [5]  6 Walmart failed to comprehend with the local culture as the CEO (Rob Tiarks) ignore to learn German language and make English as official language in the management level (Knorr Arndt, 2003); Its action has offended their Germans employees which shows that the corporate are lacking of management skills and intercultural competence in foreign countries. High law suits against the company. According to Knorr Arndt (2003) remarks said that Walmart Germany has against the Germany laws and regulations by disclosing financial information, predatory pricing by selling below its cost price and failed to show shareholders its business activities. It is a serious matter where Walmart ignoring the key principles of its globalisational strategies. Opportunities Unemployment could be reduced as Walmart expanding its market. It will help to reduce unemployment rate and provides over 22,000 jobs locally and internationally (Walmart, 2009). Increase in consumer purchasing. Walmart as Everyday Low Price retailer could attract lower and middle income families for its cheaper goods price especially in developing countries in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Africa. Threats Walmart facing bad publicity of their stagnant salary which never increases even though the corporate is earn profit. Based on UFCW statements saying that the salary paid unable to sustain a family, and besides that the organisation challenge Walmart of their worker rights, equal opportunities and corporate responsibility (UFCW Web Site, 2009) The competitors threats facing by Walmart is Kmart, Target, Home Depot, Kroger, Aeon, etc. Competitive Advantages Based ICMR (2003)  [7]  , Walmart has the most outstanding supply chain management with the use of the latest IT and communications system; e.g. barcode and RFIT to track sales and stocks inventories. Secondly, Walmart enjoy the benefits of low transportation costs as the corporate own the transportation system; to reduce costs. Thirdly, Walmart benefits from its bargaining power in buying large quantity of goods; to ensure the price remain competitiveness where the corporate can provide higher discounts to its customers. Lastly, the uses of the cross-docking system which is focus on the demand chain where goods only deliver upon customer request e.g. Walmart E-tailing (Chandran, 2003). [Words Count: 1486/1500]

Environment is our surrounding

Environment is our surrounding which includes everything from a non-living to a living being. There are two kinds namely the natural environment and Built environment. In actual parlance if one has to describe a natural environment it is one that has natural existence and the built is one that man is responsible for like the dams cities etc. The natural atmosphere is being polluted due to the unnatural factors. While natural causes like volcano's have its own turn in causing pollution it is the man made ones that are more rampant. It is the reckless and the caustic human ature that is primarily responsible for the environmental pollution.It is the self centered humans that are causing more destruction to the environment. It is natural for every human being to live in the circumstances they are born and any changes to it causes a lot of trouble. Built environment, which lacks natural components, has become quite significant in today's era. There is a lot of environmental peril that ha s been responsible for the problems associated with mother earth like Global Land degradation and pollution ,water polution,wast of forests,expended desertsveen ouse effect,global warms and polar ice cap melting.Global Warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of the earth near surface air and ocean since the mid 20th century and its projected continuation. There is a lot of heat caused to the earth due to the green house gases that get rapt in the suns rays thereby causing global warming. The growth in population and also the economic advancement that has added to pollution as well is the causes that affect the environmental corrosion . Every living and non living thing is being affected by this so ne must understand that biophysical environment is meant for all and understand the importance of ecological balance.I think that everyone can take steps to control all the essential things affecting the pollution. The consumption of petroleum has to be brought down b y one and all. The first step towards reducing our dependence on petroleum is to understand what products are made from petroleum. It is necessary that one takes sufficient measures to reduce the environmental degradation. It is better that we look for natural solutions like shift to a more fuel efficient vehicle make se of paper bags try to economize by using the car pool or public transport, go by walk or use a bicycle, recycle things etc.It is the responsibility of every person in checking the causes that affect the environmental disaster and play a positive role in improving it and these things have also got to be mentioned. One must realize the importance of a healthy environment and that it is for his own benefit to protect it and to take measures to make the world clean and green because as the proverb says â€Å"We wont have a society if we destroy the environment†. Environment is our surrounding By Procop8

All About the 12 Labors of Hercules

The American Dream The 10 Principles Of Concentration Of...

Could the American Dream not be what it used to? In an opinion piece titled Requiem for the American Dream: The 10 Principles of Concentration of Wealth Power (2017), American political activist and notable social critic Noam Chomsky discusses how the American Dream is dead and not what it used to be and argues that the reason for this is because the rich control the United States. Chomsky supports this claim by acknowledging that the wealthy and powerful created an American government so they will always be in control, identifying that ordinary people can create power when they come together, and finally by discussing problems about inequality. Chomsky’s purpose is to show how the American society is controlled by the rich in order to†¦show more content†¦One of the main claims Chomsky states in his book is that the wealthy and powerful created American government so they will always be in control and it restricts people who are not part of this one percent. To just ify this Chomsky uses different types of evidence like the U.S. constitution, excerpts from Adam Smith, and ideas for James Madison. â€Å"...nevertheless felt that the United States system should be designed, so that power rests in the hands of the wealthy.† (pg. 1) This quote proves that, from the beginning and throughout history, the wealthy, powerful and elite society have created a system so they are always in power and people who aren’t a part of the elite struggle to achieve powerful status. As well as using extensive amounts of evidence Chomsky uses rhetorical strategies to convince the readers that he is right. Loaded language, comparing and contrasting, and cause and effect are some of the strategies he uses. He uses loaded language to evoke strong emotions in the reader, he compares James Madison’s writing of the Constitution to our government system now, which presents the idea that it hasn’t changed, and he shows that the writing of the Const itution caused the wealthy to be in charged and we are still affected by this today. Chomsky uses these rhetorical strategies and evidence to verify his claim that the wealthy and powerful created an American government so they will always be inShow MoreRelated`` Requiem For The American Dream `` : The 10 Principles Of Concentration Of Wealth And Power1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American Dream not be what it used to? In an opinion piece titled Requiem for the American Dream; The 10 Principles of Concentration of Wealth Power published by Seven Stories Press (2017), American political activist and notable social critic Noam Chomsky discusses how the American Dream is not what it used to be and argues that the reason for this is because the rich control the United States. Chomsky supports this claim by acknowledging that the wealthy and powerful created American governmentRead MoreIs The American Dream Just A Myth? Essay2210 Words   |  9 Pages17 November 2016 Is the American Dream Just a Myth? Over the years this belief has changed its meaning to describe the United States as a land of equal opportunities. Through the American Dream, all men are equal to pursue their dreams and opportunities through hard work by being presented with an equal opportunity. This belief, therefore, means that if Americans work hard to achieve what they want, then they can get it. However, in the past few decades, the American Dream has grown to become a mythRead MoreBeatrice Davis. Ms. Hans, Room 240. Period 2. Spring 2017.1878 Words   |  8 PagesBeatrice Davis Ms. Hans, Room 240 Period 2 Spring 2017 The Illusion of the American Dream in a Polarized Society Although the American Dream became a reality for many during the 1920’s, this dream was built upon a myriad of flaws. Due to the short post-world war struggle, the American economy boomed and a new wave of cultural individualism. The US market was flooded with new consumer goods that previously had been very limited to the wealthy. However, with this new desire for goods, the era of consumerismRead MoreThe Term Global Financial Crisis (Gfc) Refers To The Financial1745 Words   |  7 Pagesaforementioned securitization mechanisms due to the treatment of securitization along with guarantees from the issuers can actually hide the leverage and ability of the form, making it a riskier process in regard to credit (Arner, 2009.) The risk concentrations were hidden from regulators and ignored overall and required large bailouts. (Woods, 2009) This played a large role within financial institutions leading up to the crisis (Arner, 2009.) The cause of the crisis not only reflects the pr ivate sectorRead MoreOn Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie from the Perspective of Naturalism7135 Words   |  29 PagesUniversity Abstract Theodore Dreiser is an outstanding writer in American literary history .Writing in naturalist style; he created a new era of American literature and influenced a good many contemporary writers as well as his followers. Sister Carrie is regarded as the masterpiece of Theodore Dreiser’s writing skills in naturalist style. And this thesis from the perspective of Naturalism in American literature, taking Sister Carrie as an example, attempts to study it from naturalisticRead MoreInvestigating Racism Essay4496 Words   |  18 Pagescombat racism. Finally I am going to give my own opinion on the violent response to racism, and give reasons as to why others may disagree with my views. I will also back up all of my opinions and viewpoints with Christian principles provided by Biblical evidence. Interviews on the topic of Racism I have decided to ask three people of different ages three questions on the topic of Racism. I am interested to see whether people of different ages have diverseRead MoreSustinable Developmen5403 Words   |  22 PagestSustainable Development Sust. Dev. 10, 187–196 (2002) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/sd.199 ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: FITTING THEM TOGETHER INTO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Bob Giddings, Bill Hopwood* and Geoff O’Brien Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Sustainable development is a contested concept, with theories shaped by people’s and organizations’ different worldviews, which in turn inï ¬â€šuence how issues areRead MoreApush Chapter 1 Notes3298 Words   |  14 Pageshunted seals o Pacific Northwest- Salmon fishing ß Permanent Coastal Settlements ß Constant violent competition for access to natural resources o Far W- Wealthy and densely populated, based on fishing, hunting small game, and gathering. †¢ Other North American Societies o Primarily agricultural o Most developed/elaborate- SW ß large irrrigation systems created to allow farming on relatively dry land ß Large Towns- centers of trade, craft, religion, and politics ß Pueblos- Large apartments bade of stoneRead MoreEssay about Salvador Dalis Work4988 Words   |  20 PagesSalvador Dalis Work Salvador Dalis creativity allowed him the freedom to be who he wanted to be, the same is true in American culture today. Dalis excellence in draftsmanship, accessibility of imagery from the unconscious, and master of self-publicity all resulted in unimaginable fame. Dali was born in Figueras, a northern Spanish provinceof Cataloniain May of 1904; Dali began his life within a middle-class family. He joined the Surrealist movement during the summerRead MoreWorkaholism: A Social Problem of The Present4847 Words   |  20 Pagesphenomenon in terms of the popular medicine, carry out the analysis of its causes, and attempt to formulate recommendations to overcome workaholism as a social issue. The U.S. firmly holds the palm of the countries of workaholics. 12.7% of Americans work more than 60 hours a week. More than half of U.S. employees said that they planned to fulfill their duties partially while on vacation (MIGnews.com). Thus, 52% of respondents said they would work during a legal holiday - a 6% increase in the

The God of Love Eros Essay - 1010 Words

In Greek mythology, Eros is the god of love and beauty. When one falls in love, fate falls into the hands of this saintly figure. Many people fail to notice the presence of Eros, and both Robert Bridges’ poem â€Å"ΕÎ ¡ÃŽ ©ÃŽ £Ã¢â‚¬  and Anne Stevenson’s poem â€Å"Eros† focus on this forgotten god. Despite the focus of each poem being centered on Eros, Bridges uses literary techniques such as metaphor, elated language, and poem structure to enforce the idea that Eros is a dictator over human emotions, while Stevenson creates the notion that Eros is a slave to humans’ desire for love by using metaphor, poem structure, diction, and dialogue. The visual images of Eros described in each poem convey a drastically different type of god. Robert Bridges depicts Eros†¦show more content†¦The speaker doesn’t recognize the god, asking him â€Å"Eros, my bully boy, / can this be you,† (5-6). This dialogue indicates that Eros is somehow i ndistinguishable from the speaker’s preconceived notions of the god. Unlike Bridges’ poem, â€Å"Eros† lacks evenness and instead contains a stream of lines in an almost stochastic and hesitant pattern, enforcing the speaker’s confusion and shock of the sight of the god. Eros’ true image is covered by the effects of abuse brought on by the activities of humans, which is revealed when the speaker is told by Eros himself â€Å"the brute you see / is what long overuse / has made of me† (10-12). Eros has become so abused that his face actually offends the speaker, which is a sharp contrast to the perfection that lies in the form of Eros as depicted in Bridges’ piece. The psychological perception of Eros is depicted in opposition between the two poems. Using captivating diction and steady poem structure, Bridges paints a picture of the constant gripping qualities love has over human beings. The metaphors Bridges uses link love to a  "tyrant of the human heart† (3), implying that Eros takes full control over human emotions. The human race is described as â€Å"victim of thy grace† (23), which tells of the submissiveness a human presents towards Eros. Bridges uses constant syllables in each line of the stanzas to emphasize the relentlessShow MoreRelated Comparing the Forgotten God of Love in Robert Bridges’ Poem EPÙÓ and Anne Stevenson’s Poem Eros852 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Forgotten God of Love in Robert Bridges’ Poem EPÙÓ and Anne Stevenson’s Poem Eros It is often—in books, poems, paintings, and sculptures—that one hears of and sees the goddess of love. But when is it that one hears of the god? In Greek mythology, Eros is the god of love, and a god who is many times overlooked. In Robert Bridges’ â€Å"EPÙÓ† and Anne Stevenson’s â€Å"Eros†, the idea that Eros is overlooked is portrayed, but in two separate ways. Techniques such as diction, imagery, andRead MoreEssay about The Screwtape Letters - Types of Love1321 Words   |  6 PagesWhile attending Oxford University, C.S. Lewis went from being an atheist to a renowned Christian. Lewis touched a vast audience with his numerous books (around thirty or more) including The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity, and The Four Loves. He brought fantasy and entertainment into his writing along with slight to thunderous bits of theology woven through his stories and books. This made Lewis one of the most influential Christian writers of t he 20th century. One of the better known booksRead MorePhilos, Eros, Agape Love in Religion Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesPhilia, eros, and agape are three different Greek terms for the word. These three terms explain the different types of love a human being can acquire. Philia is a love of friendship, which is grounded in commonality. However, eros is a kind of love that seeks something from the other person or thing. Lastly, agape is the love that wills the good of the other and is completely self-giving. The meanings of these Greek terminologies, philia, eros, and agape, allow us to better understand and discussRead MoreThe Goddess Of The Gods870 Words   |  4 PagesLove of the Gods When it comes to love stories in mythology, most people assume that the god Eros (also known as Cupid) and the goddess Aphrodite (also known as Venus) are behind the stories. However, most of the stories barely involve Eros and Aphrodite in their stories. There are more gods besides Eros and Aphrodite that help symbolize love by their actions in the stories of love. Even though Aphrodite and Eros are the main deities associated with love, several of the other Olympian gods are alsoRead MoreDifferences and Similarities of Greek and Roman Gods1714 Words   |  7 PagesMythological gods are a subject that has fascinated many for centuries. Some of the more popular gods are the Greek gods and t he Roman gods. On many occasions people have confused the gods of these two ancient civilizations. For instance when a person thinks of the goddess of love they may think of Venus or Aphrodite and think that they are one and the same. They are not though, Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of lo ve and Venus her Roman counter part. When thinking of the God of Love, Cupid isRead MoreLove Is A Tender And Resilient Matter917 Words   |  4 PagesLove is a tender and resilient matter, existing in all things since the Lord created the heavens and the Earth. However, the proper ways to love would be following Jesus s commands to always love one another regardless of race or background because everyone values love, love shapes what s good and it is explained in the Bible of the three different and enduring kinds of love: Eros, Agape and Philos. The first love is exponentially described in the Bible - Eros love. This specific kind of love isRead MoreThe Teachings Of Phaedrus And Alcibiades1040 Words   |  5 Pagesaristocrat, takes the stage first at the symposium. He explains that ErÃ… s is one of the primordial gods, and that the love between a boy and a lover is the greatest love that exists. The lover is meant to guide the boy, and the two must lead each other to examine themselves and feel ashamed. â€Å"...[The boy] is especially ashamed before his lover when he is caught in something shameful† (Sym. 178E). Phaedrus later adds that â€Å"...Love is...the most powerful in helping men gain virtue and blessedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Read MoreEssay on Eros611 Words   |  3 Pages In the Poem, EPƒÇƒÃÆ', by Robert Bridges, Eros is referred to as an  ¡Ã‚ §Ã‚ ¡Kidol of the human race ¡K ¡Ã‚ ¨ with a perfect form and looks, however, he bears no expression on his face. On the other hand, in the poem, ERO S, by Anne Stevenson, Eros is portrayed as a  ¡Ã‚ §thug ¡Ã‚ ¨ with a bruised and  ¡Ã‚ §patchy ¡Ã‚ ¨ appearance. I believe that although both authors are trying to convey the same message, they choose different ways to go about it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the poem by Anne Stevenson, I believe that sheRead MoreThe Classical Types Of Love1374 Words   |  6 PagesLove is a special emotion that most individuals strives for. Part of a human’s nature is to love and long for another individual. This feeling has existed since the beginning and will continue to exist until the end. The term â€Å"love,† however, is very broad. To understand more easily what the term means, the Ancient Greeks came up with three terms to symbolize the three main types of love. The three classical types of love are very important to understand, as they will continue to exist untilRead MoreEssay Three Types of Love1072 Words   |  5 PagesThree types of love: eros, philos and agape. Love is a concept that one can explain with many different words. It is very easy to tell the definition of love but difficult to live in the real life. Love is something that is intrinsically in our nature. One can definite love, but one cannot dictate how, when and where love expresses itself. Plato, an old Greek philosopher describes three types of love in his book the Banquet. All of these classifications of love do happen in the human world, although

Impact of Tourism on the Environment Free Essays

Impact of Tourism on the Environment (Negril) Negril is situated on the western end of the island of Jamaica. It is known as the 7 mile beach even though it is slightly longer than 6. 4 km in length. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Tourism on the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Negril is also called the tourism capital of Jamaica. Tourism is travel for business, leisure or recreational purposes and therefore has many impacts on the environment: as natural habitats both aquatic and terrestrial are being destroyed and damaged when hotels and roads are being built, causing pollution in many forms and also coral reefs are being destroyed in the process. The current model of tourism has a negative impact on the environment of Jamaica. This model is based on the construction of mega super inclusive resorts, which require engineering solutions such as dredging, construction and limestone blasting in order to create swimming beaches, and construct buildings a few meters away from the high water mark. Construction and operation of tourist facilities such as hotels and other attractions also result in significant alterations to the terrestrial environment, trees, insects, birds etc.Operation of these entities also results in the diversion of resources such as water and electricity which could have been used elsewhere in the society. Jamaica’s tourism product is also dependent on the coral reefs and their associated ecosystems such as sea grass beds and mangroves. These ecosystems are, however, threatened by natural causes and human behavior such as coastal pollution, rapid coastal development, over-fishing and global warming. Incre ased construction activity provides relatively short term and low-skilled employment. The alternating demand for this pool of labour often results in the increase of unplanned settlements and squatter communities that are established close to the resort areas. The creation of these communities results in the destruction of the watershed in these areas as well as inadequate sewage treatment and solid waste management. All of which contribute to reduced environmental quality; for example, reduced water quality as a result of increased nutrients and turbidity in the coastal water. STATEMENT OF TASKThe purpose of the project is to highlight the impacts of tourism on the environment both the negative and positive aspect. Tourism contributes to improper disposal of waste, pollution of air, water and beaches all of which are hazardous to the environment and pose a threat to our health. On the other hand, tourism also has a positive impact on environment as it contributes to foreign exchange. Although concern about environmental degradation started relatively late both the Go vernment and international organizations working strongly acknowledged the problems and recommended measures to balance the environment. Their attention mainly rests on the preservation of endangered wild life fauna, plants and aquatic life and the prevention of further deforestation, which has triggered a host of other problems. Deforestation aggravates soil erosion and, in so doing, affects the agricultural livelihood of the population. Pollution is another alarming problem; it is visible on most routes. Its causes are many and multi-faceted, arising singularly or in combination with several factors such as the following: (a) Lack of hygiene (b) Lack of facilities for proper sanitation, particularly for local people, porters and guides (c) Lack of facilities for litter d) Lack of environmental awareness (e) Ineffective rules and regulations (f) And lack of monitoring of environmental health. While deforestation and pollution are the major causes of environmental degradation in Jamaica, tourism has become a boon for the survival of local people in terms of providing income for them. On the whole, the tourism sector h as generated a living for the locals. However, it has also contributed to the disruption of the environment. In this light, the trade-off between environmental problems and economic gains created by tourism cannot be measured so easily.Tourism needs to be encouraged, but not without policies to improve and maintain the environment CONCLUSION Jamaica is primarily a ‘sun, sea and sand’ destination and, therefore, the primary recreational activities of visitors include sun and sea bathing on the beaches. Tourists who visit Jamaica are, therefore, primarily involved in activities such as going to the beach, snorkeling, scuba diving and glass-bottom boating. Jamaica’s tourism product is dependent on the coral reefs and their associated ecosystems such as seagrass beds and mangroves.These ecosystems are, however, threatened by natural causes and human behavior such as coastal pollution, rapid coastal development, over-fishing and global warming. The effects of tourism on the environment are felt in several ways: Resources are utilized to provide for the every-day comforts of visitors and utilization of materials to produce souvenirs and destruction of the natural environment caused by an influx of tourists. There is the pollution generated by tourists: discharge of untreated sewage into seas and rivers, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from transport. There is also the impact of changes upon the social and cultural life of a country; the necessity to provide accommodation to support the tourism sector resulting in increased allocation of lands, sometimes in areas where the natural environment is irrevocably changed. Therefore it can be stated that tourism does have a negative impact on the environment. RECOMMENDATIONS ?Monitor beaches closely to prevent over population and thus reduce pollution of the beaches ?Prevent sewage from going out into the sea Carpool to reduce the amount of fumes from entering the atmosphere thereby preventing global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer by some extent. ?Educate the public more about the impacts of tourism on the environment. ?Take precautionary measures to reduce habitat destruction.BIBLIOGRAPHY http: www. geointeractive. co. uk/environmental impact of tourism http: www. jamaicaobserver. com/jamaicaobserver/20090104/leisure html â€Å"PUBLIC AFFAIRS: Economic, social impact of Tourism on the Environment. † The Jamaica Gleaner. 4 Jan 2009 UNEP: Environmental Impact of Tourism. UNEP. 2001 How to cite Impact of Tourism on the Environment, Papers

Taxation Law Residence and Source

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law for Residence and Source. Answer: Residence and source Discuss whether Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes. Fred, who is an executive of a British corporation has come to Australia to establish a branch of his company. Being on a designated post, he thinks that he must stay in Australia for a period of 12 months according to the law to establish his company in the country. So, he leases a residence in Melbourne for 12 months. After a period of 11 months, he returned back to the UK due to ill health. During this period of 11 months, he received rent on his property in the UK as well as earned interest from investments made by him in France. Hence, in this case, it is to be determined that the income he earned in Australia would come under taxation purposes or not. In order to decide whether Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes, particular factual situation must be considered. However, taxation law of Australia provides certain criteria under which, it can be determined whether taxation should be applicable on him or not. In common situations, a person is considered to be a resident of Australia for tax related purposes, if he/she; Leaves Australia on a temporary basis and does not settle in any other country Is a student from a foreign country and is enrolled in an Australian institution for a period of more than six months Is visiting Australia for a period of more than six months and stay at a same place during that period Migrate to Australia with an intention to stay permanently over here A person is considered to be a foreign resident for taxation purposes, if he/she is; Visiting Australia for a period of more than six months and remain travelling and working in various locations for most of the duration of residence Visiting Australia for vacations for a period of less than six months Leaves Australia permanently than taxation will be applicable from the date of departure from Australia(Australian taxation Office, 2016). After being informed about the residency criteria for taxation purposes in Australia, it can be determined that Fred went to Australia with an intention to establish a branch of his business over there and he stayed there for a period of more than six months i.e. eleven months. He has fulfilled basic requirement of the taxation law of Australia and can be considered eligible to pay taxes for the income earned by him in Australia. Moreover, he stayed at the same place which he took on lease in Australia for eleven months and received rent on his residence in UK. He returned back to the UK only because of his ill health, otherwise his intention was obvious to set up his business in Australia. Considering all these points, it is obvious that Fred is proved to be an Australian resident for tax purposes. Furthermore, under Tax implication laws of Australia, an Australian resident for taxation purposes has to pay taxes on all the income earned by him/her in Australia as well as in any other places of the World. Therefore, he must have to pay taxes on all the income he had earned from investments in France as well as from rent received by him on his property in the UK. Ordinary income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The matter of the case was to determine whether the taxpayer was assessable on the profits arising from the sale of the land or not. The decision of the Court of Exchequer was that the profits earned from the sale of the land was assessable for payment of taxes as it was assessed by the Surveyor of Taxes that the profits achieved were of an income nature. Since beginning, it was the intention of the taxpayer and he/she was making an effort to earn profit through sale of his copper-bearing land as he/she never had sufficient funds to mine the land. It was a trading transaction instead of simple substitution of one investment for another(Manyam, 2011). According to the verdict of Lord Justice Clerk, if the owner of an ordinary investment wishes to sale it and obtains more price than he invested on it, the increased price is not considered as profit measurable to pay income tax. However, if an act was done in carrying on or carrying out of a business, the increased value obtained from realisation or conversion of securities may be assessable (minterellison, 2010). Furthermore, the Court explained that if a person or an association of people deal in selling or buying a property in order to obtain profit from it, the gain received by them is liable to be assessed for Income Tax. While explaining the matter, Court stated that it may be difficult to determine whether the amount of gain received by realising a security is simply an enhancement of value or it is a profit received in an operation of business in carrying out a plan for making profit. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The company carried on the business of mining coal on a land but, when the main coal seam on the land exhausted completely, the company decided to sell the land. To enhance its selling price, the company made expenditure on the land and in return received a good amount on its sale (Bitomsky, 1991). The issue raised in the court was that whether the sale would form a part of ordinary income or realization of capital asset. When the commissioner assessed the gains achieved from the sale of the land, he found that the company had engaged in the business of selling land and therefore, the profits achieved through such a business will be assessable under section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act (1936). However, the company argued that the profits earned from the sale of the land should not be assessable because the income earned through sale of land and the expenditure done on the land was only to realise a capital asset to receive best advantage out of it (High court of Australia, 1950). The court agreed with the statement of the commissioner and held the decision that the profits earned through sale of land were taxable as the intention of the company was to make profit by selling the land and that it was involved in the business of selling land (Jade, 2016). Hence, the profit received would be considered as an ordinary profit and assessable to tax. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The company sold a land which was owned by it for domestic purposes by changing the zoning of land and developing it for residential purpose. The matter of issue was whether the profit received on the sale of the subdivided land was assessable for payment of tax over it or the intention of the company was to realise a capital asset. As per the decision of the Court, the company was accountable to pay taxes on the profit received from the sale of the land under section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act (1936) because the company was found to be carrying on the business of land development instead of only realising a capital asset. The court added that it is necessary for a company to determine its purpose and the purpose of this company was to be determined by the other three companies controlling it (Hart, 2007). After selling its shares to those development companies, purpose of the company transformed to be involved in commercial investments for receiving profits from domestic purposes. Moreover, the development over the land to make it beneficial for residential purposes was more than just the development of the existing asset. The Court applied various other decisions having similar context and held to the decision that the profit earned through the land should be considered to be assessable(CCH Austral ia, 2011). Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 This case was an appeal from a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal in which, the disallowance by the respondent, the Commissioner of Taxation, was confirmed to an objection against assessment of tax payable for the year 1982. The applicants were the trustees of the estate of the deceased. The Commissioner calculated the tax which should be payable by the applicants and adjusted the income of the estate from the amount utilized in conflict during the proceedings. The matter of issue was that the applicants were arguing that the amount calculated by the commissioner was not a part of income and, the profit earned by selling the property was not the carrying in or carrying out of a business for profit and hence, was not the income assessable under Income Tax Act (1936). The arguments of the applicants in the Court were that in the beginning, the property was obtained for grazing purposes and not for property development investments. The owners afterwards decided to sell the land and continued to realise the land by sale after the death of the deceased. Moreover, they had no intention of venturing of capital in establishing a business. The Court made the decision that the appeal of the applicants against the income tax imposed on them for the year should be allowed and the objection against assessment of the profits be sustained. The Court further ordered the Commissioner to pay the applicants the cost of the appeal in the court(Wolters Kluwer, 2016). Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The dispute was related to a land where a taxpayer acquired a land of 998 acre. He had acquired the land from his father and in 1956; he bought another adjoining land of 40 acres. He started to do different businesses on the land with the help of his family (Jade, 1997). But, due to various factors such as ill health, growing debt and drought, he did not succeed in his businesses. He divided his land into eight divisions. Gradually, he tried to pay his debts by selling small portions of land and there was a time period when a large part of land was lost. Thus, the commissioner stated that the profits which were made by selling small portions of land came under the act of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. The taxpayer argued on the statement that sale of the property came under capital asset realization and not under profit making or business scheme (cgw, 2010). Hence, the overall case was very different in nature from the regular cases where the taxpayer grabs other lands for business purposes. Instead, the taxpayer had sold his own land for paying his debts. The main aim of the person was to lessen the burden of debt. Other agendas included securing future as the health of the taxpayer was deteriorating. The decision was made in favour of the owner of the land. (Wolters Kluwer, 2016) The reasons for the verdict were the nature of land which was acquired through ancestors and was used for business and residential purposes. Moreover, taxpayer did undergo various approvals for the sale of land. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The case involved taxpayer and concerned authorities where the taxpayer received an amount as surplus. The surplus was treated as an income by the commissioner and assessment of the commissioner was summoned by taxpayer. The taxpayer argued that the land was intentionally bought for the cause of resale and was just a circumstantial process. (Flynn, 1999) The taxpayer did purchase a land and was used for sand mining. With the completion of the resource in the land, the land was considered for sale. The land was sold by the taxpayer and the remuneration was tagged under income tax. (Cassidy, 1994) At last, the court provided the verdict favoring taxpayer that the land was not purchased with the intention of resale but as the circumstances, the intention of taxpayer to resell the land was justified. Court refused Dominant purpose test and encouraged dual purpose test. The property was fulfilling the requirements of the buying company and hence, the following transaction was put under revenue account. (Young, 2007) Moreover, the land fulfilled dual purpose. Thus, the profit which was made from reselling the land was justified and was declared as assessable by the honored court. VII. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The case revolved around the accessibility of the income which was acquired through sale of land. The issue was that whether the remuneration which was gained by the party was an assessable income or not. The court noticed that there was an involvement of taxpayer in the repetitive and systematic transactions during the purchase of land. The same behavior was found during the sale of other properties with division of the purchased land (Prince, 2011). Hence, it showed the interest of the taxpayer in developing his business in terms of land development. There were enough evidences according to the court and it believed that the act of purchasing and selling land was due to the interest of earning profits(Smith, 2003). This type of income came under income tax act and the activities performed by the taxpayer cleared all doubts in the case. The verdict was totally dependent on the nature of transactions and thus, the decision was made by the court. It was stated that the taxpayer contin ued to earn profits due to such transactions and hence, such remuneration which was earned from the plotting and sale of land came under the section 25(1) of Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936. The court checked that whether there was a business activity involved in the nature of transaction. It was found out that the transaction was not isolated in nature and there was full involvement of the taxpayer in all activities. (ATO, 2001) Moreover, it was stated that there can be two types of gains and profits where the first one is categorized under the gains or profits through business transactions while the second type of gain or profit comes under remuneration which is the result of an incident in the activities of business. VIII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The above case was related to the involvement of a taxpayer in the sale of townhouses on his purchased land. The taxpayer purchased a land and constructed few townhouses on it. Later, he sold those townhouses and the land was used for the purpose of residence and selling. The commissioner in this case considered the act of sale of houses as an act of profit making and termed the remuneration as ordinary income. The court had to interfere in the matter, it was stated by the court that the only intention of the taxpayer for the purchase of the land was to yield profits and the activity was considered as a commercial act by the court. Hence, the income made from such lands would be reviewed as regular income. There was no evidence from the taxpayer of purchasing the land for the sake of investment and therefore, the gains from such sale of land cannot be considered as capital receipts. Moreover, the court assessed that the use of the property for purpose of residence would not be consid ered as, the sole purpose of purchasing the land was the redevelopment of land (CCH Australia, 2011). Further, the land was sold to earn higher profits after redevelopment. Hence, the intention of the taxpayer was questioned by the court and observing the recent acts performed by the taxpayer, judgment was provided. The intention of taxpayer was to earn high profits and thus, the income generated came under the act of ITAA, 1936. (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). References ATO, 2001. ATO Interpretative Decision. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID200155/00001 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Australian taxation Office, 2016. Work out your tax residency. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/ [Accessed 2016]. Bitomsky, G., 1991. The Concept of Assessable Income Has it Changed. Revenue Law Journal, 2(2). Cassidy, J., 1994. The Taxation of Isolated Sales under Section 25 (1) ITAA: TR 93/2 v Joint Submission. Revenue Law Journal, 4(1). CCH Australia, 2011. Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. CCH Australia, L., 2011. Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. cgw, 2010. ATO determines that developer of 22 lot subdivision does not have to register for GST. [Online] Available at: https://www.cgw.com.au/publication/ato-determines-that-developer-of-22-lot-subdivision-does-not-have-to-register-for-gst/ [Accessed 20 August 2016]. Flynn, M., 1999. Distinguishing between Income and Capital Receipts- a Search for Principle. Journal of Australian Taxation, 2(3). Hart, G., 2007. The Limited Impact Of Whitfords Beach In Urban Land Development. Revenue Law Journal, 17(1). High court of Australia, 1950. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T. Jade, 1997. Casimaty, George v Commissioner of Taxation. Jade, 2016. JadeScottish Australian Mining Co Ltd. v Federal Commissioner of Taxation. [Online] Available at: https://jade.io/article/64663 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Manyam, J., 2011. Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand. Revenue Law Journal, 20(1). minterellison, 2010. Australian Tax Brief. minterellison, 9 Feb. Prince, J.B., 2011. Property Taxation: A Practical Guide to Saving Tax on Your Property Investments. John Wiley Sons. Smith, A., 2003. Property development Land and Property. Wolters Kluwer, 2016. CASIMATY v FC of T, Federal Court of Australia, 10 December 1997. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539843sl16716249/casimaty-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-10-december-1997 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Wolters Kluwer, 2016. McCURRY ANOR v FC of T, Federal Court of Australia, 15 May 1998. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Wolters Kluwer, 2016. Statham Anor v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, Federal Court of Australia, Full Court, 23 December 1988. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio544343sl16788832/statham-anor-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-full-court-23-december-1988 [Accessed 2016]. Young, N.J., 2007. The Historical Significance of the High Court's Decision in Federal Court's Decision in Federal Commissioner of Taxation v The Myer Emporium Ltd. Melbourne University Law Review, 31, pp.266- 294.